KHRG Photo Gallery 2008
KHRG Photo Gallery 2008 presents a selection of 307 photos and 7 video clips received from KHRG field researchers since the final instalment of Photo Gallery 2007 in November 2007. While most of the photos included in this set cover the period from January 2008 to January 2009, some photos from 2007 which were only received at the start of 2008 have also been included.
The most recently updated photos are all included within the latest additions section and have also been incorporated, along with the rest of the gallery, into the six main thematic sections. The six thematic sections are Forced relocation and forced displacement; Attacks and killings; Health and education; Militarisation and abuse under SPDC control; Landmines, mortars, army camps and soldiers; and Land and livelihoods. Many of these photos - those showing scenes from Toungoo, Nyaunglebin and Papun District - should also be understood as comprising documentation of the SPDC's Northern Karen State Offensive against villagers, an offensive which continued through the whole of 2008.
The contents of these photos show the continuation in 2008 of trends that were prevalent throughout 2007. In areas of northern Karen State where the SPDC has established a stronger hold over the civilian population, Burma Army attacks against civilians have slightly declined. However, this decrease does not hold for the entire region and many local civilians continue to face an unabated military offensive coupled with crop, village and rice destruction, shoot-on-sight killings and the brutal use of convict porters. Furthermore, the second half of 2008 saw an upsurge of military attacks in sections of eastern Pa'an and north-eastern Dooplaya District between SPDC, DKBA and KNLA forces.
Those communities living under SPDC control confront pernicious demands for labour, money and supplies which undercut their livelihoods and make it more difficult for them to address health, education and other social needs. In the face of consistent military aggression, villagers nevertheless continue to employ various measures to resist abuse and take control of their lives.
Photos included in the Photo Gallery are identified with alphanumeric characters shown below each image. Identification numbers beginning with 'A' were part of the initial instalment of photos published in June 2008, those beginning with 'B' are part of the final instalment published in February 2009.
All photos are by KHRG except where specifically noted otherwise.
Terms and Abbreviations
| SPDC |
State Peace & Development Council; military junta ruling Burma |
| PDC |
Peace & Development Council; SPDC local-level administration, (e.g. Village PDC [VPDC], Village Tract PDC, Township PDC [TPDC]) |
| Village tract |
An administrative unit of 5 to 20 villages in a local area, often centred on a large village |
| Tatmadaw |
SPDC Armed Forces; Tatmadaw Kyi is the Army, often referred to here as the SPDC Army |
| IB |
Infantry Battalion (SPDC), supposed to be about 500 soldiers strong but at present most SPDC battalions number under 200 |
| LIB |
Light Infantry Battalion (SPDC) , supposed to be about 500 soldiers strong but at present most SPDC battalions number under 200 |
| LID |
Light Infantry Division (SPDC), consisting of 10 Light Infantry Battalions |
| MOC |
Military Operations Command (SPDC/SLORC); 10 battalions, for offensive operations, may be deployed anywhere |
| Company |
Military unit of about 100 soldiers, though often under-strength in SPDC Army |
| Column |
Combination of Companies, assembled for operations; usually 100-300 soldiers |
| Camp |
Army base or outpost; from remote hill posts of 10 soldiers to Battalion HQ camps of several hundred soldiers |
| NCO |
Non-commissioned officers; Lance Corporals, Corporals, and Sergeants |
| KNU |
Karen National Union; main Karen opposition group |
| KNLA |
Karen National Liberation Army; armed wing of the KNU |
| DKBA |
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army; Karen group allied with the SPDC |
| KPF |
Karen Peace Force, Nyein Chan Yay A'Pweh ("Peace Group") in Burmese; formed in 1997 by defected KNLA officer Thu Mu Heh and allied with SPDC |
| loh ah pay |
Forced labour; literally it means traditional voluntary labour, but used by SPDC officers in reference to short-term forced labour |
| Set tha |
'Messenger'; forced labour as errand-runners, messengers, and for some odd jobs |
| viss |
Unit of weight measure; one viss is 1.6 kilograms or 3.5 pounds |
| milk tin |
Volume measure equivalent to the contents of a 200 ml condensed milk tin |
| bowl/pyi |
Volume measure equivalent to 8 small condensed milk tins; about 2 kg / 4.4 lb of rice |
| kyat |
Burmese currency; US$1=6 Kyat at official rate, 1200+ Kyat at current market rate |
| Paddy |
Rice grain still in the husk |
| Rice |
Rice grain after pounding or milling, with the husk removed and ready to cook |

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